• The escalation between the United States, Iran, and Israel represents a structural shock to the global energy system rather than merely a temporary military crisis.• Energy security has become an integral component of geopolitical deterrence calculations, not solely an economic matter.• The Strait of Hormuz constitutes the most critical chokepoint in the global economy due to the concentration of…
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The pursuit of climate justice in the MENA region is a multi-dimensional challenge that requires an integrated approach, encompassing governance reform, sustainable economic diversification, gender inclusion, and strategic regional collaboration. As climate change continues to exacerbate existing vulnerabilities—such as resource scarcity, agricultural decline, and socio-political instability—there is a pressing need for localized, inclusive, and resilient strategies to address the unique…
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