Fostering Climate Resilience in the MENA Region through Strategic Partnerships and Adaptive Governance

MENA Context

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region face severe climate change challenges, including water scarcity, desertification, and extreme weather, significantly impacting Agri-food systems and communities[1]. These issues exacerbate social and economic inequalities, particularly for marginalized groups like women and low-income communities. Political instability and governance problems hinder effective resources management, climate action and equitable policy implementation.

While some countries are developing adaptation strategies, progress is often slow, particularly in meeting international commitments like the Paris Agreement. However, the region has potential for enhanced cooperation on water management and renewable energy, utilizing its vast solar and wind resources to reduce fossil fuel dependence and improve access for disadvantaged communities. Grassroots movements are advocating for climate justice, empowering vulnerable populations through community initiatives. Leveraging international climate finance and investments and raising awareness through education are essential for mobilizing support and fostering youth engagement in sustainability efforts.

The Importance and Role of Partnerships in Climate Governance

Partnerships between governments, NGOs, the private sector, and local communities are crucial for effective climate governance in the MENA region[2]. Collaborative efforts can enhance knowledge sharing, resource mobilization, and technology transfer, which are vital for addressing the multi-faceted challenges posed by climate change[3]. In the MENA region, where traditional governance structures may be weakened by conflict and political turmoil, innovative partnerships and financing, climate justice, and coherent policies are essential.

1. Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration

Partnerships that engage diverse stakeholders can lead to more inclusive and sustainable solutions. For example, the partnership between governments and NGOs in Lebanon has successfully addressed water scarcity by implementing community-based water management systems[4]. These initiatives not only improve water access but also empower local communities, making them integral to the governance process.

• Public-Private-People Partnerships (PPPPs)

PPPPs effectively address local needs by mobilizing financial resources and technical expertise essential for tackling climate-related challenges. The Noor Solar Complex in Morocco is a prime example, merging government support with private investment to establish one of the world’s largest solar power plants[5]. This initiative enhances energy resilience and serves as a model for similar projects throughout the region.

• International Cooperation

Regional and international partnerships are vital for sharing the best practices and resources. For example, the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) fosters cooperation among European and Mediterranean countries, addressing common climate challenges through joint projects that enhance water and energy security[6]. By leveraging international expertise and funding, MENA countries can implement more effective climate policies[7].

Best Practices for Achieving Climate Justice

To promote climate justice, it is essential to adopt best practices that consider the unique socio-economic-political and environmental contexts of the MENA region. Several best practices have emerged in the MENA region that can inform future climate governance efforts:

• Integrated Resource Management

Implementing integrated management approaches for energy, water, and food resources can enhance resilience[8]. For example, Jordan’s National Water Strategy (2040) emphasizes the nexus between water, energy, and food, promoting policies that ensure sustainable use of resources. This holistic approach not only addresses immediate needs but also fosters long-term sustainability. Further, adopting IWRM approaches allows for sustainable management of water resources, considering both supply and demand factors. Countries like Jordan have implemented successful IWRM frameworks that enhance water efficiency and equity[9].

• Renewable Energy Initiatives

Investments in renewable energy projects, particularly solar and wind, have shown promise in reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Countries such as Morocco are leading the way with ambitious renewable energy targets, setting an example for others in the region[10].

• Climate-Smart Agriculture

Innovative agricultural practices can enhance food security while mitigating climate change impacts. In Egypt, projects that introduce climate-smart agricultural techniques, such as drip irrigation and drought-resistant crops, have improved resilience among farmers[11]. These practices can serve as a model for other countries facing similar agricultural challenges.

• Community Engagement and Education

Empowering communities through education and capacity-building initiatives can lead to more effective climate action[12]. Engaging local communities in decision-making processes ensures that climate solutions are culturally relevant and tailored to specific needs. Grassroots organizations play a vital role in advocating for vulnerable populations and promoting sustainable practices[13]. Initiatives in Tunisia have demonstrated the importance of local knowledge in developing climate adaptation strategies. By involving communities in decision-making processes, stakeholders can ensure that strategies are culturally relevant and widely accepted.

Urgent Strategies for Economic, Social, and Environmental Resilience

Given the pressing climate challenges in the MENA region, several urgent strategies must be prioritized to build resilience in energy, food, and water systems. For example,

1. Strengthening Climate Policies. Countries must develop and enforce comprehensive climate policies that align with international agreements like the Paris Accord[14]. This requires not only political will but also the capacity to implement effective monitoring and evaluation mechanisms[15].
2.  Sustainable Energy Transition. Transitioning to renewable energy sources is critical for reducing dependency on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change. Countries like Morocco and the UAE have made significant strides in developing solar and wind energy projects. Expanding these efforts across the region can create jobs, improve energy security, and contribute to climate resilience.
3. Water Conservation and Management. With water scarcity being a major issue in the MENA region, effective water management strategies are essential[16]. Desalination technology, rainwater harvesting, and wastewater recycling are potential solutions that can be implemented more widely. For instance, Qatar’s investment in desalination technology highlights a proactive approach to addressing water shortages.
4. Food Security Initiatives. Developing sustainable food systems that can withstand climate impacts is vital[17]. The creation of regional food networks that prioritize local production and consumption can enhance food security. Programs that support smallholder farmers through access to technology, financing, and markets can significantly contribute to resilience.
5. Diversifying Economies. Reducing dependence on oil and gas revenues by diversifying economies through sustainable tourism, agriculture, and technology sectors can enhance resilience to climate impacts[18].
6. Building Institutional Capacity. Strengthening institutions responsible for climate governance is crucial for effective policy implementation. Capacity-building initiatives should focus on training personnel and improving data collection and analysis capabilities[19].

Addressing Additional Challenges: Conflict, Political Turmoil, and Migration

The MENA region’s geopolitical landscape presents additional challenges that complicate climate governance. Ongoing conflicts, political instability, and migration pressures can hinder effective climate action.

• Conflict and Governance

In conflict-affected areas, such as Syria and Yemen, climate-related issues often take a backseat to immediate humanitarian needs[20]. However, integrating climate considerations into peacebuilding efforts can foster long-term stability[21]. Collaborative initiatives that address environmental degradation in conflict zones can promote cooperation among rival groups, creating a foundation for sustainable governance[22].

• Political Will and Institutional Strengthening

Strong political will is necessary for effective climate governance. In many MENA countries, weak institutions and corruption impede progress[23]. Strengthening governance structures through transparency and accountability measures can enhance the implementation of climate policies[24]. Regional organizations, such as the Arab League, can play a crucial role in fostering collaboration and ensuring that climate agendas are prioritized[25].

• Migration and Resilience

Climate change is increasingly driving migration in the MENA region[26]. Developing adaptive strategies that address the needs of displaced populations is essential[27]. Countries can benefit from integrating climate resilience into their migration policies, ensuring that vulnerable communities have access to resources and support during transitions[28].

Lessons Learned from Previous Initiatives

Analyzing past initiatives provides valuable insights for future climate governance in the MENA region. Past experiences in the MENA region highlight the importance of adaptive management and learning from both successes and failures. For example, previous water management projects that lacked community involvement often faced resistance and failed to achieve their goals. In contrast, initiatives that included stakeholder input were more successful in gaining local support and achieving desired outcomes[29].

1. The Need for Adaptability: Many climate projects have encountered significant obstacles due to inflexible planning and an inability to adapt to evolving circumstances. Successful initiatives highlight the importance of incorporating flexibility into project designs, enabling stakeholders to adjust their strategies in response to unforeseen challenges, such as extreme weather events or socio-political changes. This adaptability not only enhances resilience but also fosters stakeholder engagement, as communities feel more invested in adaptable solutions.
2. Importance of Local Context: While global best practices serve as valuable benchmarks, it is essential to tailor these approaches to fit local contexts. Understanding the unique cultural, economic, and environmental factors of the MENA region is crucial for developing effective climate strategies. By engaging local communities in the design and implementation of initiatives, projects can be more relevant and impactful, leading to greater community ownership and sustainability.
3. Continuous Learning and Knowledge Sharing: Establishing platforms for continuous learning and knowledge sharing among stakeholders can significantly enhance climate governance. By facilitating connections between researchers, policymakers, and practitioners, regional networks can foster innovation and allow for the exchange of best practices and lessons learned. This collaborative approach not only improves the effectiveness of climate initiatives but also builds a collective resilience against future challenges, ensuring that the region can adapt to the ongoing impacts of climate change.

Conclusion

In summary, the MENA region faces substantial challenges posed by climate change, yet the development of strategic partnerships and the implementation of best practices can significantly enhance resilience in energy, food, and water systems. By emphasizing community engagement, integrated resource management, and diversified economies, the region can progress toward achieving climate justice and effective governance.

Strategic partnerships are critical for fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration that can drive meaningful change. Engaging local communities, governments, and international organizations ensures that diverse perspectives are considered, leading to more inclusive and effective climate solutions. Moreover, adopting best practices from successful initiatives around the world can help MENA countries tailor strategies to their unique circumstances, ensuring that interventions are both relevant and impactful.

Integrated resource management plays a pivotal role in addressing the interconnected challenges of climate change, resource scarcity, and socio-economic disparities. By promoting a holistic approach to managing water, energy, and food resources, countries can optimize their use and mitigate conflicts arising from resource competition. This approach not only enhances sustainability but also empowers communities to take charge of their resources.

Additionally, diversifying economies is essential for reducing vulnerability to climate impacts. By investing in renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and eco-tourism, MENA countries can create resilient economic systems that are less dependent on fossil fuels and more adaptable to changing climatic conditions.

However, addressing the additional challenges of conflict and migration in the region requires innovative solutions and strong political will. Climate change can exacerbate existing tensions, and thus, integrating climate considerations into peace-building efforts is crucial. Countries must work collaboratively to develop policies that address both climate resilience and social stability.

As the MENA region navigates its complex climate landscape, the lessons learned from past initiatives will be invaluable. These insights can guide future efforts toward a more sustainable and equitable future, ensuring that all communities are equipped to thrive in the face of climate change. By prioritizing climate justice, the region can foster a more inclusive approach to governance, ultimately benefiting both people and the planet.

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[2] Al-Zu’bi, M. 2016. “Jordan’s Climate Change Governance Framework: From Silos to an Intersectoral Approach.” Environmental Systems and Decisions 36: 277–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-016-9602-9.

[3] International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). 2022. Climate Justice and Social Equity in the Middle East and North Africa. https://www.iied.org/climate-justice-and-social-equity-middle-east-north-africa.

[4] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2021. Water Management in Lebanon: Best Practices and Lessons Learned.; Water Authority of Lebanon. 2020. Community-Based Water Management Systems in Lebanon. Government of Lebanon.

[5] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). 2019a. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019. https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Sep/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2019.; World Bank. 2020a. Climate Change and Water Resources in the Middle East and North Africa: Current Situation and Future Prospects. https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/publication/climate-change-and-water-resources-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa.

[6] Union for the Mediterranean (UfM). 2021. Annual Report 2021.

[7] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 2020. Regional Cooperation for Climate Action in the Mediterranean.

[8] Al-Zu’bi, M., B. Daher, Y. Brouziyne, H. Laamrani, D. Melhem, E. Greatrix, S. Ruckstuhl, M. McCartney, O. Anarbekov, J. C. Sanchez Ramirez, and A. Nicol. 2023. Building Resilience in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Agrifood Systems through a Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach. Cairo, Egypt: International Water Management Institute (IWMI), CGIAR Initiative on Fragility to Resilience in Central and West Asia and North Africa. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/132488.

[9] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2021. The Role of Education for Sustainable Development in the MENA Region. https://www.unesco.org/en/sustainable-development/education.

[10] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). 2019a. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019. https://www.irena.org/publications/2019/Sep/Renewable-Power-Costs-in-2019.

[11] Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2020. Climate-Smart Agriculture in Egypt: Improving Resilience and Food Security; World Bank. 2020a. Climate Change and Water Resources in the Middle East and North Africa: Current Situation and Future Prospects. https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/publication/climate-change-and-water-resources-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa.

[12]  Al-Zu’bi, M., B. Daher, Y. Brouziyne, H. Laamrani, D. Melhem, E. Greatrix, S. Ruckstuhl, M. McCartney, O. Anarbekov, J. C. Sanchez Ramirez, and A. Nicol. 2023. Building Resilience in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Agrifood Systems through a Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach. Ibid.

[13] International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). 2022. Climate Justice and Social Equity in the Middle East and North Africa. https://www.iied.org/climate-justice-and-social-equity-middle-east-north-africa.

[14] Al-Zu’bi, M., B. Daher, Y. Brouziyne, H. Laamrani, D. Melhem, E. Greatrix, S. Ruckstuhl, M. McCartney, O. Anarbekov, J. C. Sanchez Ramirez, and A. Nicol. 2023. Building Resilience in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Agrifood Systems through a Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach. Ibid.

[15] UN Environment Programme (UNEP). 2021. Adaptation Gap Report 2021. https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2021.

[16] Al-Zu’bi, M., B. Daher, Y. Brouziyne, H. Laamrani, D. Melhem, E. Greatrix, S. Ruckstuhl, M. McCartney, O. Anarbekov, J. C. Sanchez Ramirez, and A. Nicol. 2023. Building Resilience in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Agrifood Systems through a Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach. Ibid. 

[17] Al-Zu’bi, M., B. Daher, Y. Brouziyne, H. Laamrani, D. Melhem, E. Greatrix, S. Ruckstuhl, M. McCartney, O. Anarbekov, J. C. Sanchez Ramirez, and A. Nicol. 2023. Building Resilience in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Agrifood Systems through a Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach. Ibid.

[18] World Bank. 2020a. Climate Change and Water Resources in the Middle East and North Africa: Current Situation and Future Prospects. https://www.worldbank.org/en/region/mena/publication/climate-change-and-water-resources-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa.

[19] United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2021. The Role of Education for Sustainable Development in the MENA Region. https://www.unesco.org/en/sustainable-development/education.; Al-Zu’bi, M. 2016. “Jordan’s Climate Change Governance Framework: From Silos to an Intersectoral Approach.” Environmental Systems and Decisions 36: 277–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-016-9602-9.

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[23] El-Haddad, M. 2018. “Corruption and Climate Governance in the MENA Region.” Middle East Policy 25 (3): 55–67.

[24] Khan, A., and S. Selim. 2020. “Enhancing Accountability in Climate Policy Implementation: Lessons from the MENA Region.” Environmental Politics 29 (4): 657–676.

[25] Sullivan, R. 2021. “The Role of Regional Organizations in Climate Governance: A Focus on the Arab League.” Journal of International Affairs 74 (1): 123–140.

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[27] Schraven, B., et al. 2019. “Migration in the Context of Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for the MENA Region.” Journal of Refugee Studies 32 (2): 345–367.

[28] Snyder, J. 2020. “Integrating Climate Resilience into Migration Policies: Best Practices for the MENA Region.” Climate Policy 20 (6): 740–757.

[29] Arab Forum for Environment and Development (AFED). 2018. Arab Environment: Future Challenges. http://www.afedonline.org/en/.